Introduction to Islamic Concept of Freedom
Freedom is one of the greatest gifts of Islam, which is also humanity's greatest need. The Islamic stance on freedom has always been clear and unequivocal. It not only granted the blessing of freedom but also provided comprehensive teachings on its nature, purpose, principles, and demands. If there is a milestone in human history regarding freedom, it is Islam.
Quranic References on Freedom
- Freedom from Compulsion in Religion: The Quran states, "There is no compulsion in religion. The right path has become distinct from the wrong." (Quran 2:256). This verse emphasizes the freedom of belief and choice.
- Freedom from Oppression: The Quran instructs believers to fight against oppression: "And what is wrong with you that you fight not in the cause of Allah and for those weak, ill-treated, and oppressed among men, women, and children...?" (Quran 4:75).
- Equality of Humanity: The Quran declares the equality of all human beings, rejecting any form of discrimination: "O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you." (Quran 49:13).
Sunnah References on Freedom
- Freedom of Expression: The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) emphasized freedom of speech and expression. He said, "The best form of Jihad is to speak a word of truth against an oppressive ruler." (Sunan Abi Dawood, Hadith 4344).
- Abolition of Slavery: The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) actively encouraged the liberation of slaves, stating, "He who frees a Muslim slave, Allah will deliver every one of his limbs from the Fire of Hell as he delivered the limbs of the slave." (Sahih Muslim, Hadith 1509).
- Protection of Human Dignity: The Prophet (PBUH) stated, "All of you are equal. All of you are from Adam, and Adam is from dust." (Sunan Al-Tirmidhi, Hadith 3955).
Freedom in Islamic History
The Rightly Guided Caliphs (632-661 AD) implemented principles of Shura (consultation) and justice, ensuring political and social freedom for all individuals in the society. For example, during the Caliphate of Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA), citizens had the right to hold the ruler accountable.
Western Perspectives on Freedom
The French Revolution is considered a significant milestone in the Western concept of freedom. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant, among other philosophers, contributed to the development of the concept of freedom, emphasizing rationality and personal autonomy.
Contrasting Islamic and Western Concepts of Freedom
- Freedom as a Human Right vs. Divine Gift: Western philosophy views freedom as an inherent human right, while Islam considers it a divine gift and responsibility.
- Purpose of Freedom: In Western thought, freedom is often seen as an end in itself. In Islam, freedom is a means to achieve a higher purpose, such as worshiping Allah and fulfilling one's duties to society.
Social Freedom and Islam
Social freedom encompasses aspects of individual life within society, such as freedom from slavery, freedom of thought, freedom of expression, and religious freedom. Two essential freedoms are highlighted below:
1. Freedom from Slavery:
- Islamic Teachings: Islam viewed slavery as an inhumane practice and sought to abolish it. The Quran encourages the emancipation of slaves: "But those who strive for Our cause—We will surely guide them to Our ways. And indeed, Allah is with the doers of good." (Quran 29:69). The Prophet (PBUH) also emphasized freeing slaves as an act of piety.
2. Freedom of Conscience:
- Freedom of Thought: The Quran encourages reflection and intellectual freedom: "Do they not reflect upon themselves? Allah created the heavens and the earth and everything between them in Truth and for an appointed term." (Quran 30:8).
- Freedom of Expression: The Quran promotes freedom of expression, as seen in the story of the Prophet Ibrahim (AS), who challenged his people’s idol worship (Quran 6:74-79).
Political Freedom and Islam
Political freedom means full participation in the formation, running, and dissolution of the government. The concept of Shura (consultation) in Islam ensures that no individual or group monopolizes decision-making. The Quran states: "And those who have responded to their lord and established prayer and whose affair is [determined by] consultation among themselves..." (Quran 42:38).
Moral Freedom and Islam
Moral freedom means exercising freedom with respect for societal values, laws, and ethics. Islam teaches that freedom should not infringe upon others' rights or dignity. The Quran instructs believers: "And insult not those whom they (disbelievers) worship besides Allah, lest they insult Allah wrongfully without knowledge." (Quran 6:108).
Preconditions for Freedom in Islam
- Basic Needs: The fulfillment of basic needs is essential for meaningful freedom. The Prophet (PBUH) said, "He is not a believer whose stomach is filled while his neighbor goes hungry." (Sunan Ibn Majah, Hadith 3251).
- Education: Knowledge is crucial for the proper exercise of freedom. The Quran states: "Say: Are those who know equal to those who do not know?" (Quran 39:9).
- Justice: A society based on justice is a prerequisite for true freedom. The Quran commands: "Indeed, Allah commands you to render trusts to whom they are due and when you judge between people to judge with justice." (Quran 4:58).
Summary
Freedom is a fundamental human right and a prerequisite for the human journey. Islam provided comprehensive teachings on freedom, equality, and justice. While the West has articulated these concepts in modern terms, Islam’s guidance remains unparalleled in establishing a balanced and holistic approach to freedom. The need for freedom and justice is inherent in both Islamic and Western traditions, but the foundation and objectives differ significantly.
References:
- Democracy and Human Rights in Islam by Rashid Ghannouchi
- The Constitutional Crisis in Islamic Civilization by Mukhtar Al-Shanqeeti
- The Nature of Despotism by Abdul Rahman Al-Kawakibi
- No Compulsion in Religion by Taha Jabir Al-Alwani
- Freedom and the Storm by Hakim Mutairi
- The Punishment of Apostasy in Islam by Anayatullah Subhani
- The Role of Freedom of Opinion in Intellectual Unity by Abdul Majeed Al-Najjar, translated by Mohiuddin Ghazi
- A Theory of Justice by John Rawls
- Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Rousseau by John Plamentaz
- Rousseau’s Theory of Freedom by Matthew Simpson
